Early Diagnosis of Prostate Cancer

Previous studies have found that men with normal blood levels of PSA (4.0 ng/ml or less) can have prostate cancer**. Furthermore, PSA-based prostate cancer screening has a high rate of false-positive results (up to 80 percent). Therefore, scientists have been looking for additional ways to adequately screen for early disease.

“Using PSA testing alone results in millions of dollars being spent on prostate biopsies due to false positive results. We don’t yet know if our new findings will save lives, but there could be a major cost saving by decreasing the number of prostate biopsies performed every year,” said Sudhir Srivastava, Ph.D., Chief, Cancer Biomarkers Research Program and Director for the EDRN.

The panel of 22 target proteins identified in this study showed an 88.2 percent specificity value for prostate cancer, which indicates the proportion of those tested who did not have cancer and were correctly identified as being free of disease. The test also showed an 81.6 percent sensitivity value, indicating the proportion of those patients with cancer that were correctly diagnosed as having prostate cancer.

Scientists know that cancer patients produce antibodies to proteins, called antigens, which are present on the surface of tumor cells. Antibodies themselves are proteins produced by immune cells to help fight and destroy viruses, bacteria, and other foreign substances that invade the body. As a cancer cell grows, normal antigens can be presented on a cell surface in a different way. The body then recognizes these antigens as foreign and produces antibodies to them. These particular antibodies are termed autoantibodies, because they react to a substance produced by the body itself.

"In this study, we took advantage of the body's own immune system as a detector of prostate cancer,” said Arul Chinnaiyan, M.D., Ph.D., study leader, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor. “While the present study focused on the detection of prostate cancer, this general approach has potential to be developed for other cancers as well as for other human diseases that in some way perturb the immune system."

The use of autoantibody signatures may be useful in combination with PSA testing in reducing the number of false negative and false positive tests obtained then when using PSA testing alone. Statistical analysis of these results shows that the protein panel performed better in distinguishing between prostate cancer patients and controls than the PSA test. The panel of 22 proteins predicted the presence of cancer accurately 92.7 percent of the time, while PSA predicted the presence of cancer only 79.6 percent of the time. The use of autoantibody signatures may be most informative in assessing the need for a biopsy in patients with PSA values of 10ng/ml or less.

*Wang X, Yu J, Sreekumar A, Varambally S, Shen R, Giacherio D, Mehra R, Montie JE, Pienta KJ, Sanda MG, Mantoff PW, Rubin MA, Wei JT, Ghosh D, Chinnaiyan AM. "Autoantibody Signatures in Prostate Cancer". New England Journal of Medicine, September 22, 2005: 353 (12).

**Thompson IM, Pauler DK, Goodman PJ, Tangen CM, Lucia MS, Parnes HL, Minasian LM, Ford LG, Lippman SM, Crawford ED, Crowley JJ, Coltman CA. "Prevalence of Prostate Cancer among Men with a Prostate-Specific Antigen Level Less Than or Equal to 4.0 ng per Milliliter". New England Journal of Medicine, May 27, 2004; 350 (22): 2239-2246.

Message posted by: Rashmi Nemade