Cancer-Specific Imaging in Mice

"The virtue of this study is that other fluorescent compounds have been tested for the detection of small clusters of cancer cells that might otherwise be missed during surgery, but those have drawbacks, including being always fluorescent thereby making it difficult to distinguish tumor cells from normal tissue. This study points to a potential solution to this problem," said NIH Director Elias A. Zerhouni, M.D.

"A fluorescent imaging compound that is specific for cancer cells holds great promise for the treatment of cancers, such as ovarian and pancreatic cancer, which often metastasize widely before diagnosis. In the coming years, as cancer research is increasingly based on an understanding of tumors down to a detailed molecular level, advanced imaging will be a key component of essentially every study," said NCI Director John E. Niederhuber, M.D.

The researchers, led by Hisataka Kobayashi, M.D., Ph.D., from NCI's Molecular Imaging Program in the Center for Cancer Research, created a compound to be tested only in mice that consisted of the protein avidin, which binds to another protein commonly found on the surface of cancer cells that potentially can spread, or metastasize, to the peritoneum. They joined this compound to three molecules of the fluorescent compound rhodamine X. In this new compound, which they called Av-3ROX, the rhodamine X molecules are unable to fluoresce. However, when Av-3ROX is taken up by cancer cells after binding to them, it is broken down in sac-like compartments inside the cells called lysosomes. When enzymes in the lysosomes break the compound into smaller pieces, the rhodamine X is released and is able to fluoresce.

"Conventional imaging methods such as nuclear isotopes, MRI, or CT use contrast agents that make a signal whether they are bound or unbound to a cancer cell," said Kobayashi. "Our method will make a signal only from cancer cells. It's cancer-specific imaging."

When the researchers injected the 'always on' fluorescent molecule Av-0.5ROX into the peritoneum of tumor-bearing mice, fluorescence was immediately detectable and more intense than that produced by Av-3ROX immediately following its injection. However, Av-0.5ROX produced fluorescence in both tumor cells and the surrounding tissue, making it difficult to distinguish the tumor cells. In contrast, by three hours after Av-3ROX injection, the fluorescence intensity in normal tissues was less than with Av-0.5ROX , but the fluorescence intensity in tumor nodules was much higher than with Av-0.5ROX.

To confirm that Av-3ROX was primarily processed by tumor cells, the researchers performed a second experiment in mice, this time using cells that carried the gene for red fluorescent protein (RFP) to induce the initial tumors and peritoneal metastases. This approach allowed every metastasis to be detected using a camera and filter specific for RFP. The investigators then injected Av-3ROX into the peritoneum of the mice and captured fluorescent images of both Av-3ROX and RFP. Next, they compared the number of metastases identified using both compounds.

Out of 507 metastases, at least 0.8 millimeters in diameter, shown by RFP, Av-3ROX detected 465 of them, indicating a sensitivity of 92 percent. Only 2 percent of metastases identified by Av-3ROX turned out to be false positives, translating to a 98-percent tumor detection accuracy, or specificity, for this technique.

Although the data provide proof-of-concept for this type of molecular imaging technique, Av-3ROX cannot be used in people, because the avidin portion of the compound would cause an immune system reaction. Kobayashi and his colleagues are now working on a second-generation compound that joins the binding site of avidin -- the part that recognizes the cancer cells -- to human serum albumin. This compound "should not create a harmful immune response because it's based on a human protein," said Kobayashi.

The authors believe that this approach to molecular imaging holds promise as a method of optically enhancing surgical or endoscopic procedures, allowing for more complete surgical removal of metastatic disease.

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Message posted by: Rashmi Nemade