The beginnings of this technology type were with the bagasse process by a Japanese concern in the Philippine Islands to feed dairy cows (viz. Holstein bred-type cattle) for milk production. It therefore comes to mind that year processing, however modified to be enhanced, refined and made cos-effective and animal tested, can be extended to cover also other byproduct farm wastes such as sugarcane pith from bagasse, corn stover and sorghum stover, haulms from vines or legume spp. on-farm, and rice and wheat sraw, the latter occupying the largest proportion of byproduct farm waste and potentiallly the most productive in terms of volume processed and consumed by animal livestock. The outline of major stages wherein the milled substrate is processed into "yeast byproduct" feed is now given.
Making a Semi-Refined Consistent Particulate Based.
First is threshing the byproduct biomass feedstock from the field's harvest on-farm and then fine-chopping as in silage making, washing thoroughly the substrate followed by air-drying over 48 hrs, with the option to force air-dry the biomass. This is followed after drying with fine grinding to a semi-consistent powder. Adaptation is made per substrate type or feedstock.
Mixing Reaction Components Prior to Live Yeast Culture (LYC) Incubation.
The dried particulate substrate or biomass is first bleached with added dilute aqueous acid(H2SO4) over a 48 hr period and then mass centrifuged (industrial type) and washed clearn of any residuals and then the pH adjusted for enzymatic conditions involving aerobic lacasse treatment via bioreactor over a few days depending on the batch weight used.
Addition of LYC and Incubation.
The yeast inoculum or live yeast culture (LYC) is applied as follows. The remixed or reconstituted LYC is counter-sprayed onto the spray-lofted particulate feedstock and further auger mixed into a mixer together with a biologic-added solution to the LYC just before it is stored for incubation with the feedstock. This will be used to hyperboost or produce high enough levels of HIS, ARG, LEU, MET and LYS eventually in the incubating biomass. These are so-called GROs in yeast. As for the temperature, pH and time of incubation under open air conditions (S. cerevisiae, the spp. of choice, is facultatively anaerobic), these are yet to be determined experimentally for the yeast fermentation processes.
Air-Spray Drying and Storage.
The biomass substrate for feeding is kept in the holding tank for incubation and is effectively stored in a compacted, cool, and dry place after thorough drying by spraying onto an industrial chamber wall and collecting at the base. It is then collected with the biologic already 'spent' and not in any measurable concentration, i. e., it is strictly labile after a defined period of storage and mechanically packaged in square, rectangular bags for feed dispensing at the farm feedlot for dairy and beef cattle. The matter of the once on surface film LYC is apparenly flash-dried with forced air with, for e. g. , N2(g) rapid air drying, which instantly kills and renders it a DYC (as non-sporulated it is hypothesized) on the particulate surface and fully dried away after N2(g) sealed packing to be inert until dispensed for feeding.
Feeding Trials Regards Nutritive Value (N.V.) of Energy and Protein Supplements.
It is open to question at this time what levels of amino acids can be attained and what ware optimal for functional use such as LBM accretion, milk solids output or production, and in general, the body condition of finishing steers and lactating cattle. There is a need to test various basal rations such as hay or silage from herbage plus the addition of our highly digestible fibre and boosted protein-AA energy-protein concentrate derived from farm byproduct biomass or feedstock. What remains as the most limiting amino acids for optimum nutrition is to be demonstrated by nutritionists and what should be supplemented using the biological rate of addition of the biologic to LYC and volume of pre-treated biomass or substrate just prior to and during mixing and incubation conditions to effectively elevate microbial cell protein (MCP) levels and so with the incremental increase in critical essential amino acids that are functional amino acids over and above their nutritional value as measured in feeds analysis and therefore predicted to product. Thus, "spiking" the amino acid of the supplemental feed(s) will incur different results in N.V. when manipulated in addition to its conventional role in fulfilling nutritional amino acid daily allowances or requirements.
Proposals here are preliminary leading one to speculate what specifically is nedded to be learned from further research regards amino acid nutrition in various ruminnant class livestock, their dairy allowances to optimize hay or silage feeding, and of course more data obtained to study specifics of rumen digestion and the supply of protein and its amino acids from it to compare and determine which are most limiting. Amino acids of interest here are: HIS, ARG, LYS and LEU in particular.
Semi-Automated Mechanical Field Operations with Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) Processing.
Proposed here is the amalgamation of enzyme research including for fibrolytics anaerobic enzymes (non-O2 sensitive) called lignases that can work with "dry" solid-state fermentation (SSF), a fungal-driven process, in the field as it speculated via process "flocculated" or sparged into the biomass under field conditions, slow-released by dissolution into the field ensiling biomass and anoxygenically excluded to air as with semi-automated field operations by process flow.
Mechanically, the field is to be longitutidinally "striated" by semi-automated cutters and combines which can air spray cultures onto the precision-cut biomass, while segmented bagging occurs with sealing and air flow excluded with CO2/N2/CH4/H2 and field incubated until completion by microbial and enzymatic action when biomass nutrifies with MCP or protein from the fungal-driven process.
Farming conditions will require more sophisticated metereological forecasting to manage during harvesting times annually temperature, air humidity an repeated wear due to weathering does not occur over time.
Harvesting will then take place by opening the locked bag longitudinally by semi-automated collected baling in closed coil cylindrical rolls and bag sealed again for storage in the field before transport to downstream plants as feedstock for both animal feed and biofuel generation.
Feeding trials for both balance in nutritional requirements and oropharyngeal qualities will be tested of any changes in feed intake under controlled conditions.
Immersive Cold Energy (ICE) Partitioned Fermentation for Fibre-based Feedstocks with Process Conception and Biomolecular Mechanisms.
The conception for fibre-based processed feedstock conversion to high concentrate energy alcohols as in iso-pentenol and iso-butanol, the latter from ABE or acetone-butanol-ethanol fermentation, is discussed here at length utilizing psychrophilic microbial cultures from the sub-Arctic (e. g. sea or tundra) which would put an upper cap on maintaining energy needs during the frigid Winter months, and even during the "lighter" seasons, using cold saline or freshwater from lakes or rivers targeted for locations in northern geographical areas in Canada and even Siberia in Soviet Russia.
It is believed as well that with the advent of new heat exchanger technology which is to be deployed in ICE fermentation plants near the Arctic regions, that during the warmer months of the year, that cultures can be cooled down through them maintaining a seamless performance in energy extraction/cooling naturally at great savings.
Deploying plants in the true North of Canada will also save on transportation of fibre biomass inputs from further south including any available waste pulp from the silviculture industry requiring transportation.
The Model's Process Conception and Molecular Mechanisms.
The fundamental idea here is to partition the cell's surroundings and interior milieu, between the output in the outer milieu of the bioreactor where product can be partitioned out and cumulated to be downstream processed in the continuous reactor system using microbial immobilization onto a column, while the inside milieu of the cell is revved up metabolically to produce up-regulated rates of product through the new technology of PNA-B12 (there is also a hypothetical PNA-K1,K2 yet to be tested) readily entering the cell through its molecular mechanisms with the ATP generating mitochondria and the enzymatic catabolic network to form iso-pentenol or iso-butanol in the bioreactor's outer milieu together with cell membrane, outer membrane and mitochondrial membrane, with modification using mutational changes in the transport channeling porins of both mitochondria for the export of energy-yielding currency of ATP and so-called dual-transporter carrier systems, at equilibrium, using facilitated diffusion (preferable to active transport that would utilize too much ATP energy by the cell) allowing the inner cell milieu to "vent" of what would otherwise be the overproduction of alcohols and leading to toxification of cell hosts.
Mutational changes in enzymatic terms of transport proteins or porins that somehow mutate fortuitously to accelerate rates of processing of substrate can be studied with proteomics and then "superposed" to genomic data for studying genetic mutations and then the genes edited onto the original genome with gene edited (GEditing) utilizing the same technology of PNA technology with exact precision.
There is also analysis using X-ray diffraction techniques to visualize the atomic centres and their bond lengths, and the orientations with respect to each other, shedding light on the fine-structural mechanisms of the reaction or transport processes. When it comes to enzymic acceleration usually the matter centres around feedback inhibition (FBI) which can be antagonized in mechanism as well as altering the Michaelis-Menten reaction describing receptor-substrate's binding on the outer and inner membrane's interphase in the cell.
ICE fermentation marries together the idea of membrane biology and PNA-carrier based genetically regulated organismal (GRO type manipulations) of metabolism, thus, partitioning the process between making "something on the spot" and on the other hand taking it out of the "manufacturing floor" rathe than having if "back up", thus killing the cell host, when in fact a faster rate of equilibrium can be achieved and maintained over the continuous, immobilized fermentor's reactive process. And, at that, at a lower temperature of maintenance at the reactor's floor and also within its insulated interior including its filtered solvent milieu.
It is presumed that distances between plant location where it is conveniently cold (in Winter) or cool (the rest of the year), water sources, either saline or fresh, transport into the location of inputs including processed fibre feedstock and transport of downstream processed materials to their depots for distribution be strategically located for cost and convenience.
There is now a belief that colder countries can utilize fibre-base feedstocks from farmlands for bioenergy fuel generation, and together with oil reserves and other energy survive independently from their more southern neighbors who plant to up considerably their oil reserves through drilling like the U. S. A. without complicating trade ties to utilize fibrous feedstocks like pulp and even sugarcane bagasse through countries like to the U.S.A. might opt for eventually.
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