Recent Recommendations for the Manipulation with Probiotics of Rumen Digestion in Ruminants: Direct-Applied (DA) Post-Transcriptional Gene-Silencing for the Regulatory Manipulation of Rumen Microbes via Transcription Factor Engineering (TFE).
1) Recommended: Yeast, an e. g. of which is Saccharomyces cerevisiae fed continuously at 5g/d to improve fibre digestion attacking the carbohydrate-lignin complexes in plant residues.
2) Recommended: Yeast, an e. g. of which is Saccharomyces cerevisiae fed continuously at 5g/d with a grass diet that would support amino acid synthesis and microbial growth.
3) Recommended: Aspergillus oryzae is known to retain like yeast in the rumen and will be fed at a given rate (g/d). To provide A. oryzae as a 'surrogate' amplified protein unspecified at this time if it can retain in the rumen although 'tweaking' the energy supply pool which increases energy availability from fibre by deregulation of feed-back inhibition (FBI) might serve this purpose (see: Flores, 1988, MAppSc thesis).
These are all here-to-fore untested options. We believe there is a moratorium on any further genetic engineering in the rumen (consulting ILRI, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia for further advise and any opinions on this matter is suggested).
4) Recommended: Growth stimulation for Cropping with PNA-Auxin/ARFs, e. g. XL-Grow varieties for seagrass aquaculture.
5) Recommended: Antimicrobials, e. g. mastitic creams for the dairy cow's udder with PNA-B12 or our own proprietary PNA-K2(x5).
6) Other Examples: Biostimulants to improve biofertilizer performance as DA Biologics.
Oligosaccharides & Peptides/Amino Acids and Possible Effects on Cell Proliferation.
Genomic sequencing with analyses of specific genes using a microarray approach with rumen microbial cell modeling, similar to mammalian cells, for putative products archaetypical in procaryotic rumen microbial cells, that will require significant investigation as was discovered for mammalian p38, MK2 and alpha-TNFproducts and a 3'-UTR sequence, with an ARE sequence, that is untranslated coding for a transcript that normally suppresses alpha-TNF products implicated in mitogenesis, with the correlation of treatment effects in in vitro culture with inulin (e. g. +fructan in complete media) and pre-formed amino acids (peptides or +peptones in basal media). There are several reviews (see: G. Pang et al., 2012) one that implicated the role of receptors or proteins in the gut (G.I. tract) serving to translocate intracellularly to the nucleus as transcription factors (TFs) that may suggest further details as to how this proposed mechanism might work. p38 as a member of the major MAPK family of proteins would be involved with fructan and pre-formed amino acids targeting receptor proteins that act in cell signaling with p38 metabolically through known modifications of enzymes and other binding proteins and/or their subunits, for e. g., via phosphorylation with kinases and/or acetylation of sugars, which is possible.
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