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The Significance of Functional Feeds for Livestock with Lower Yielding Sustainable Feeding: a comment paper. Introduction. Functional feed ingredients are appearing and used in livestock feeding regimens with our particular reference to rumen and lower gut performance, improving output from production and reproduction with improvements in health, animal behaviour and management and welfare and their quality of life with the attendant: 1) nutritional, 2) metabolomic, 3) immunological, and 4) endocrinological processes. Discussed now is the first first of two parts of digestion: the rumen stomach. To follow at a later time is lower gut digestion and the attendant improvements in animal livestock production.
Areas for Possible Investigation in Rumen Gut Performance. The following areas are outlined: 1. Amongst topics with these new forage feeding systems, the author presents recent developments in the protein and energy theory of rumen digestion which could involve prebiotic agents to microbial digestion with proteins/peptides/amino acids and polysaccharides / oligosaccharides/sugars elaborated on since Flores' theory (1991), which appeared in the Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology journal published by Springer Verlag (FRG). Practical ramifications to this theory are the manufacture commercially of "designer" and "bioactive" peptides / oligosaccharides and enriching feed regimens with them, for e. g., from extracted or enriched seed-sourced germ proteins of high nutritional quality and increasing nutritive value (N.V.) (cf. the latter to nitrogen status in regards to protein accretion or lactation, intake and nutritional balance regulation and the overall productive output of the animals) especially made here in Canada for further investment and investigation. It should be added that there are non-fibrous carbohydrate fractions (NFC fractions) in grasses in addition to WSCs or sugars from forage as roughage for higher-energy nutrition. These nutritional features are subsumed as part of the overall "proteinergic mechanism" to be employed for functional feeding of farmed animals including the ruminant class of large and small animals. 2. Continuing recent developments for the so-called protein-energy theory in rumen digestion for prebiotic agents, to go beyond at points are: 1) proteins & peptides for immunity & disease resistance, supporting immune balance (the chronic inflammatory condition and stress), production for lean body mass (LBM) accretion and lactation, reproductive performance, rumen digestion (energy/MCP) and intake/nutritional balancing regulation; and 2) polysaccharides both fibrous and non-fibrous carbohydrates/water-soluble carbohydrates(WSC) or their sugars for energy (rumen volatile fatty acids or VFAs, rumen digestion for MCP output), and energies to support maintenance and various productive / reproductive functions. Agro-Industrial ByProducts (AIBPs) or Feed Crop Residues (FCR) from Farm Wastes Conversion to Energy Feedstocks and Animal Feeds. 1) Pre-treatment with enzymes (e. g. lignocellulases- including lacasses, proteases)/chemicals (e. g. H2SO4, HCl, NaOH, NH3/physical treatment (e. g. milling, steam explosion) of fibrous substrates.
2) Separation of Carbohydrates and Sugars: washing, filtration, drying and separative precipitation with enantiomeric crystallization. Racemization followed with exclusive conversion of purified sugars to both classes of sugars. 3) Prep intake based on stochiometric mix is made at set point. 4) Synthetic "shuffling" to copolymeric synthesis and oligomers. The enzymes are given intake as a basis for "shuffling" in proportional control to their endpoint per stage and then repeated in a new cycle. Nutraceutical value of complex sugar mixtures are to be determined to convert monomeric units accordingly. 5) Complex mixtures of simple water-soluble carbohydrates (WSC) can be bonded via polymerization using specific enzyme activities. We are thinking specifically of fishmeal applications to investigate their role in immune balance and health for better growth and development in the gut of fish like salmon fisheries for terrestial in catchment above streams for salmon spawning. 6) Complex enzyme copolymerization to long-chain polymeric carbohydrates such as: pectins, xylans and galactans. See the above for use of these polymerics for fishmeal feeding in addition to use of SCP from yeast and functional amino acids (FAA) feeding. Slowed Ruminal Enzymes (SRE) in the Stomach with Conventional Feeding. The Flores Theory is emerging stating: "that both controlling accessibility of protein in the rumen and providing adequate support to microbial cell protein (MCP) synthesis is key to optimizing the output from rumen stomachs for protein nutrition given its metabolic and physiological digestion." digestion. Technology with osmolysis of particulate resins has been proposed to study the availability for pre-formed AAs from the rumen milieu dosed with 15N using rumen cannulated sheep. Proposed are uses of proteases attenuated to tailor-fit feed protein solubility and with respect to the uptake of microbial cells measured by the ENU parameter (cf. DJ Thompson and DE Beever, 1980) measuring ratio of microbial amino acid-N to the total N digested for uptake including preformed amino acid-N or peptide-N + free amino acid-N, amine-N, amide-N, and NH3-N. As with extrafibrolytic enzymes (EFE) including cellulases, hemicellulases and lignases like ferulic acid esterases (Fae) and etherases, SREs as they are called will eventually be employed at enzymatic rates of addition at optimum, along with proteolytic enzyme competitive inhibitors and non-competitive inhibitors (i.e. allosteric) to both feed plant and to rumen microbial proteases. Re-adjusting effectively the proteolytic capacity pegged to protein solubility in the rumen would be the objective. It appears that two routes of applications are available at this time: coded proteins as either competitive or non-competitive inhibitors for proteases for microbes built into ruminal feed substrate, and also in microbial innoculants as another approach, for that matter, to modulating rumen protein digestion for MCP and escape protein flows to the duodenum. (c) D. A. Flores. 2024-2059. Skye Blue Publications. Port Coquitlam, BC Canada V3B 1G3.
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Last update of this entry: October 04, 2024
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