LignoMills Information Enterprise of Canada

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The state-of-the-art at this time is with industrial pre-treatment (IPT) with chemical means (viz. see others that are biological, physical and thermal) such as with ammoniation and SO2.  In fact, SO2/steam explosion (SE) has been suggested for feed pre-treatment using IPT and that this should be annexed to other pre-treatments including the biological pre-treatments outlined above.  There is one posible bio-pretreatment using the microbial probiotic ureolytics by the rapid bagged technique (Urealyse Process) with a non-GM lignase type-II enzyme either allosteric secoundary EFEs or direct-applied non-GM biologics to autochthonous microbes to boost their activity as annexed with the delignifying SO2/SE (sulfur dioxide, steam explosion) protocol practicable with physical plants from co-operatives and in industrial mill settings with collection systems.

There is a differentiation between two scenarios: (I) Industrial applications for feed process manufacturing with larger farms including co-operatives. Use of GMO-driven technologies with ureases (plant-sourced such as from soya bean and that of GM sources) above autochthonous levels achieved is a goal; GMO concerns of environmental safety with GMO-feeds using irradiation (UV-C) which is cost-effective may be employed eventually; the methods above uses urea intensively requiring considerable energy input for production. (II) Developing country settings will also use urease-driven technology largely from soya bean plant sources but the N-source will be from animal litter (e. g. broiler or turkey litter) which is rich in ammonium (NH4+) and organic nitrogen (N) including urea-N. Urea might also be used to supplement this process in addition to litter serving as a dietary supplement to livestock. This latter method should be compared and perhaps used in conjunction with gaseous ammoniation which was tested in rural areas in China under the aegies of FAO, Rome Italy where ammoniation with stalks in solution which has been characterized to breakdown lignocellulose straw structural components effectively should be tested as well for the moisturized ambient ensiled bagged technique of particulate residuals feedstock. Using tank liquid ammonia for NH3(g) applied at moisture levels proscribed and for a period of time to deconstruct the fibre it should be assessed as to the ease, safety and cost of equipment (i. e. tank, truck and equipment lines and valve regulators) and infrastructure (e.g. to guard against seepage and gas escape). 

Another issue is that of application to treat and "top dress" the feed substrate further effectively. As it stands, conventional approaches use added urea and the generation of autochthonous activity and / or jackbean and soya bean plant-source ureases added under optimal conditions (deg C / humidity or ambient moisture level) with the question as to whether there have been any advances to recent practices. 

The first application is that of GM enzyme technology. Organic sourced nitrogen (N) including urea N nutrifies fibrous feedstock and fed with top dressed GM urease (from microbial or plant-sourced urease enzyme technology) with additional urea-N (a chemical input requiring energy) will ammoniate the mass under optimal conditions hermetically for 2 weeks or more to deconstruct the fibre.

It is imperative at this time to study the process of urea's applied role in aiding the selection of beneficial vs. deleterious microbial populations so the mass ammoniates given optimized conditions (at chicken litter / urea addition rates, the T deg / moisture in hermetically sealed bags and the length of time to completion).

A term to describe the anti-microbial action of killing off deleterious bacteria (e. g. putrefactive), selecting out desired or autochthonous spp. and to encourage this form of tropical ensilage as with ammonia-generating urea on the mass avoiding what would be known as putrefactive ensilage and leading to eventual composting, it is presumed.  This needs further investigation or research.

GMO-driven fermentation is not discussed here at length but there are papers in the literature that isolated and characterized spp. for their ureases and can be presumably can be genetically engineered further to improve activity.

Lastly, practices of urea-ammoniation as an ensilage approach especially in the tropics and its settings (e. g.  s. farmers and co-operative farming) where they are practicable, cost-effective and acceptable for use by farmers have been found by researchers and their findings available through web-based research.   It should be mentioned that the process of urea application as an input for upgrading feed quality (pre-treatment) and supplementation vs. the use of fertilizer for crops still is viewed as cost-effective for farmers in developing countries.

For such a vast substrate (the highest amongst organic or carbon-based) fibre to ethanol will play a geo-political role in trade and energy as resources grow scarce and the world turns to curb population 'explosion' in future. This is what we predict: China is now rearing its head for energy resources that it can only obtain from Russia in fossil fuel reserves. Amidst the alternative available like a country of Canada hydro is now reaching a peak, wind turbine power is limiting and so with solar power including its cost effectiveness, nuclear energy is still on the table but safety in the long term would be a problem. In Brazil ethanol, the supposed green fuel and future saviour of the earth is now largely used extensively given the agricultural produce and acid-based methods of delignification (a great barrier in technology to exploit the substrate for further fermentation). China trades extensively for food and feed grain resource with Brazil to feed its still burgeoning population. Why not import ethanol in addition to possible future trade for promised oil reserves in the Western Philippine Sea (also referred to as the South China Sea), a geo-political reserve of the Philippine nation. Canada considering its future in fossil fuel reserves extension should also perhaps now consider bioalcohol technologies (ethanol, isobutanol, isopentenol) with its vast agricultural land reserves (although chemical input dependent and to an extent limited by this reserve or resource) and depend on biofuel like Brazil to ease its growth needs for energy with its growing population base. Remember that straw and chaffe are both resources standing as byproduct to the already 'dual cultivar' that the grain crop stands for -  both food / feed (e. g. wheat, oats, corn, canola) and bioenergy. What about Russia? The imagination is just the limit! They can think that maybe too of the future of bioethanol, limiting or reserving fossil fuel resources and stretching out with bioalcohols especially in the European theatre of vital energy needs and even trading as we steeply deplete in the future fossil reserves around the world with little hope for exploration and extraction further to ensure energy security including major peacekeepers and economies like the all-powerful United States of America. There are places that are not as populated as we speak like continental Africa and the vast Western/Central Asias but largely unpopulated. A large 'continental populational pocket' of sub-continental India might still frown at this resource that is not that 'potable' or gainful as a bioenergy resource. It is believed outside this generality of a picture that Australasia and Oceana would turn to alternatives including solar and wind power and eventually begin to consume if there is trade in the region for both fossil fuels (e. g. oil and natural gas) and goods and services in general with the central holder of oil reserve according to the U. N. Mexico's economy is believed to rest on future oil and natural gas reserves near their region and be a economic tourism powerhouse competing against the Carribbean and the loftier Mediterranean and as one central breadbasket (e. g. food, livestock) for North America. We won't go into further geo-economic development trends and the need to broker peace at the same time for the world.

SKYEVIEW: There is a need to outline further investment opportunities in our planned proprietary bioprocesing of feeds estimated to cost USD$5B in total investment. Outsourcing at home from Toronto ON CANADA for heavy equipment manufacturing (e. g. John Deere, International Harvester) will result in diversification in at least 10 major sugar mills in Negros Occ. province.  At this time prominent PR organization(s) locally in the country will be chosen to vet for our contracts to outsource manufacturing and we will lobby with labour, and for transportation including the province's antiquated rail system, to improve infrastructure, and providing for jobs, exports, income, and fiscal budgets for the much needed social programmes provincial wide.

SKYEVIEW: With diversification involved with biomass production in sugar milling, including growing investment in heavy industry (e. g. equipment, physical plant, energy sources - coal from imports, bioethanol, cogenerated electricity from biomass, transportation - rail, lorry, barge or shipping) there are two major industrial investment areas for inviting industrialists in equity with initial outlayed stock offerings that is in: aquafarming and marine products, energy conduits or pipelines and transport (i. e. tankers, barges, locomotives/cars/railways, tanker trucks/lorries, roads building and their maintenance). By this time, energy resources will have been sourced and mobilized to end-users in industries using in part collaboration with local companies and foreign, overseas multi-nationals (e. g. Exxon Mobile, Asia-Pacific division).  

SKYEVIEW: The continuing story of urbanization vis-a-vis land consolidation for agri-busines and co-op/multi-national consolidation would involve for e. g. feedstock companies producing energy manufacturing vs agri-feedstock in livestock management co-operatives and job creation. Movement towards peri-urban areas on the otherhand is driven by extended familial ties or communities where there is a dire need for job creation limited by investment and the tourist dollar and infrastructure spending with real estate development to standard maturity acceptable to market standards in the community. Oil and the peace and order situation enforced by engaged forces in the region with the Philippine option for domestication and foreign trade of oil reserves will drive investment to the country further in future. 

SKYEVIEW: To predict the greener use of feedstock when bioenergy interests starts to encroach on cropping for food supply instead, they will find salvation in the fact that byproduct use of agro-industrial byproducts (AIBPs) can still be used for livestock feeding, as processed further, viz. enzymatic pre-treatment with extrafibrolytic enzymes (EFEs), steam explosion/sulfur dioxide (SE/SO2), solid-substrate fermentation (SSF) microbially with fungal cultures, "yeast bagasse", ureolysis of FCR and ensilage (also termed now a form of SSF), breathing life into a feed natural resource that SkyeBlue is a part of and in future research endeavors to help secure via plant biotech, for e. g., and produce to support the protein needs of yet a growing population especially in developing countries, also using animal biotech (mostly reproductive breeding for improving breeding programs.) 

SKYEVIEW: The annexation of SO2/steam explosion (SE) with other physical or biological processes in industrial feeds pre-treatment (IPT) has been critiqued as to its basis and/or significance in the critical process of removing the lignous cement between cellulose fibrils and higher ordered structured asemblies (e. g. platelets) with another type of fibre component, hemicellulose, by which the former is 'anchored' in integument of fibrillar architecture. It is believed that physical SO2/SE treatment strips the debris from 'scaling' the fibril structure from lignan residuals or residue in addition to further breaking down bound lignan in addition to just 'loosening' for it to expose the structure to enzymatic attack and hydrolysis of the polymer. It is thought that the current application of IPT, viz. initial SO2/SE  treatment followed by lignase attack, from enzymes 'as is' or via fermentation is known to only bring about lower improvements in feed dry matter (DM)/organic matter (OM) digestibility than that which would be commercially significant with animal production and those proposed used likely in intensive feeding regimes.

SKYEVIEW: The latest about natural gas (CH4) generation from animal waste [cf. Rusitec(TM) digestors with fibre (e. g. pre-treated straw, stover and haulms), whey and protein using Neocallimastix spp. (fungi) and Methanobrevibacter spp., co-culture, above], is a report out from Monroe WA USA where dairy cows are fed flour rejects, eggs past expiration, exces brewers' grain, corn silage, alfalfa and molasses recycling what would otherwise go the the sewers or landfill, and what does not go to feed the dairy herds, to the byproduct "stream" for the anaerobic digester in Monroe WA's Werkhoven Dairy's Qualco Energy's powerhouse carried by underground pipes into a "mixing bowl", a vat leading to an underground chamber, where alcohol and other "sloppy" protein and fat for energy are added in addition to the "cow pies" of manure that goes through a complex treatment system and piped to this anaerobic digester, a mile away from the farm.  The result produced is in addition to dairy are solids for manure and liquids for eventual field spraying on the farm and methane gas (natural gas) that generates 450 kwatt-hours of power for the Puget Sound grid for 300 of its consumers.

SKYEVIEW: At Skye Blue, along trends in cellulosic ethanol production and development, use of new enzymes especially lignases (see: lignase-type II) will make the enzyme cocktail (cf. to Novozyme's CTec3) more efficient after physical disruption with steam/SO2 and fermentation expected from 70%, and up, of the glucose from bagasse; yeast that breaks down cellulose and ferments glucose to ethanol will also be developed for higher tolerance to endproducts; the growing trend for use of biorenewable green fuels, despite large existent and available reserves of fosil-sourced fuels, albeit, supply and security isues and world fuel prices, will make Brazil, a world leader in use of biorenewables from sugarcane and corn in the future; switchgrass, miscanthus, corn stover, wheat straw and other sources of glucose for ethanol and other longer-chain alcohols, more energy dense, will also be used. Biorenewables and other forms of clean energy will be impacted continually with fosil oil and CH4 gas reserves.  In the Philippines, heightened controversy with China over the western sea off-shore deep sea areas around the Spratley and Scarborough Islands with reserves of est. 11 billion barrels of oil plus several trillion gallons of natural gas, second only to Saudi Arabia in world reserves.  Confrontations and deployments, exploration rights, UN and regional arbitrations, technology agreements, refining facilities, distribution and shipment affecting supply of fosil fuels, will determine the 'other side' with biorenewables with its own issues of demand for and encroachment on grain feed supplies and new developments with by-product feeding outside human food supplies.  Bioethanol as a biofuel will continue to mature as a viable commercialized operation (viz. Brazil, as we speak) and in a pro-active manner a step ahead of the conventional fuels industry.  In the Philippine-China scenario, foreign relations will be dealt with to follow international rule of law (viz. the commercializable 200 nautical mi. offshore limit) and aggresive trade agreements overseas (viz. China with its purchase of energy companies and use of western pipelines to export from Western Canada).

SKYEVIEW: The question in the Philippines of increased militarization by China (Peoples Republic of) in the South China Sea will present issues and perspectives with: seeking regional collaboration and regional alliances amidst the undeniable spectre of superpowers flexing their muscle or presence in the region (e. g. the U. S. A.) and aid from militarized nations like Japan against Chinese hegemony in the region, building up weapons munitions, capabilities with attack fighters and navy cruisers and cooperative military exercises, and seeking the greater of diplomacy and continuing dialogue and mutual agreements including biotech's new role in arbitering food vs. fuel debates and trade agreements world-wide for fuel sources including "greener" sources.  The U. S. itself may present new perspectives in this still new area of debate. Esso, Texaco, BP PLC, Shell Royal Dutch PLC, Chevron Corp., Petrobas of Brazil and their recent off-shore finds, Pemex in Mexico, Exxon Mobile (Asia-Pacific and Africa and Power divisions) and off-shore liquefied natural gas (LNG), ONGC in India can all collaborate to engage in deep-sea oil rig exploration. Based on industrialization and urbanization in India and its size economy would be a likely client for Philippine oil demand.  There are already collaborations of interest with the Indian subcontinent contractors and infrastructure projects including the new Cebu-Mactan International Airport.  Apart from industrial use, transportation, military, domestic and tourism, oil reserves may come under a resource nationalism clause to protect and manage resource exploitation. New oil wells up to 9,500 meters deep are deployable under high pressure (psi).

SKYEVIEW: The recent welcome to inventors and design engineers has been called for as an open bid at Skye Blue for one co-op plant milling machine processing component for feeds, that is, yeast bagase, which improves the N protein content of bagasse feed and its rumen cellulosic digestibility.  A mock-up for a shredder/baler in order to reduce and pre-mix solids with liquids at a T (deg C)/presure, expressing the solids (with the single cell protein, SCP) fraction and with the recycle of the liquid culture innoculant back into its incubator or holding cell, post shredding/mixing. The output is procesed to end-product using a pair-roller, extruder presing machine with grain/molases binder.

SKYEVIEW: it has already been mentioned that green fodders with reasonable rumen escape quality be GEdited for low-protease acitivity and then post-harvest processed or treated with solar-based drying methods such as with silages, fodder trees and shrubs, and sugar cane tops (SCTs) (green tops) in order to optimize protein utilization in the rumen stomach with increased MCP synthesis and at the same time escape of dietary undigested protein. This describes a valid need in animal feeding to use the low protease approach with heat-damage techniques as has been been proposed (see: Flores, 2013). It is unknown at this time as to the economic significance in farm feeding and animal production what this technique will bring in terms of benefits with its commercial gains. There was for e. g. in the past a form of kernel twinning in corn grain which enabled expanded protein supply from the corn seed with greater economic profit or gain in dairy feeding or production. The same is predicted for this feeding application.

SKYEVIEW: Biofine resources have conventionally defined as feedstock that is fibrous (e. g. paper, trees, agro-industrial byproducts and crops) and starch with intermediates to products (e. g. commodity chemicals, specialty chemicals, herbicides/pesticides, heating oil and transportation fuels) (see: http://www.biofinetechnology.com) which we have 'redefined' to expand the meaning herein also to be residuals (e. g. molases, lignan and organic fertilizer) from feedstock derived from plants, aquatic sea grasses and seaweed for feeds, asphalt and fuels and the latter two as surrogate for GM manufacture of bio-oils or biodiesel and fatty acid alcohols and to be used for specialty fine chemicals (e. g. paints, solvents, resins, fillers, lubricants, etc.) manufacture. 

SKYEVIEW: An annexed technology with biofeedstock from marine biomass (e. g. seagrasses, seaweed, algal) is the introduction of anti-protozoal technology in feeding either via immunocontrol in the rumen or with anti-protozoal substances that exist naturally from browse herbage that can boost significantly protein utilization on these and basal rations consisting of low quality byproduct residual feedstocks from farm and agro-industrial cropping. These technologies can be as significant as others touted as with dual-purpose cropping, ammoniation and feeding fungi probiotic cultures in animal feeding of livestock.

SKYEVIEW: In feeds processing, agents to treat feeds to improve digestibility and improve nutritive value including adding water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCs) and protected / low-protease technology with pre-formed amino acids (PFAAs) for microbial cultures involving fungi, yeast and Lactobacilli such as in yeast bagasse, solid substrate fermentation (SF) and temperate ensilage which still have to be optimized and then used, applying WSCs and PFAAs technology in general across crops for feeds and energy production as has been mentioned with research for D. A. Flores [Cf: Lux Esto e-Zine of Kalamazoo College MI USA]. See: cellular biomolecular hypotheses proposed by this author researcher for the WSC (e. g. fructans) and PFAAs, the amino-peptides or APPs (amino acids + peptides), on possible processes of: cellular mitosis, apoptosis, energetics (see: uncoupling in E. coli), and rate of transport synthesis, on efficiency of microbial cell protein (MCP) synthesis.  

SKYEVIEW: After contacting a reliable source in Negros Oriental, Philippine, of the National Dairy Authority (NDA) Region 7 (C.entral Visayas region of the Philippines), in a former institution of higher learning, Silliman University, DGTE City, we gathered further to him there that there remains a distinct possibility of exploiting imported caramilk and carabeef varieties from India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh, if not already from indigenous sources of cross-bred water buffaloes sourced from UPLB, Los Banos, the Philippines, where in the Negros Island Region there is plentiful fodders from both sugar cane bagasse pithe and sugar cane tops (SCT) and their use for feeding the ff. class livestock: (1) caramilk buffaloes including hybrid-GMO in the future, (2) carabeef buffaloes to an extent with both SCT silage, corn plant silage and bagasse pithe, (3) conventional dairy cattle, all with a greater emphasis on milk production as is already popularly consumed both for milk, confectionaries and milk powdered formula (e. g. milk replacer, baby formulas, emergency food relief due to excess production). As for carabeef, prime cuts for export and the restaurant hospitality trade in the country, with the rest adapted for deli sausages and meats (this reminds us of this growth area for Philippines deli-meats unique to that country).   

We see potential in developing major engineering systems in post-harvest technology or processing, storage and bio-fermentation systems together with  the issues with agriculture resource commodity diversification and trade relationships with strategic (e. g. bioenergy and grain reserves) and non-strategic (e. g. animal products) commodities.  Brazil is already a developing agro-biotechnology giant and has industries and a capacity from present agricultural production systems.  The French are key players in agricultural development and design & engineering, including INRA, an agro-related research institute and network based in France.

Other feed technology around feedstock resource utilization include initiatives with pre-biotic approaches to cropping as one of the most low-cost alternatives together with pro-biotics as options.  Examples of pre-biotic approaches include: decreasing proteolysis in the rumen with non-lethal protected protein-dosed crops and residues as dual-purpose cultivars, plant protease-inhibited field-dried harvested forages and field grazed forages and use of peptidic ionophores (e.g. avoparcin which required further structure-functional studies in research with other peptides) which increases propionic acid and flow of protein from the rumen, water-soluble carbohydrates (WSCHO)  (e. g. sucrose, fructans, glucose and fructose) which increases nitrogen capture, microbial protein synthesis, digestibility and energy availability and intake. Enzyme technology is already conclusive in its effects on ensilage and improving silage quality and utilization and including the role of sugars and energy availability, protein and peptide/amino acid supply in silage and heat protection of proteins.

In chemical bio/engineering systems there are parallels seen between feeding and energy bio/fermentation systems approaches.  Mechanized approaches have to be developed to bring this processing systems about.  In rural settings (e. g. North Korea, largely underdeveloped and still largely plagued by poverty but with engineering capacity such as movements in militarization) intensified cropping with co-operatives, aid from mechanization, feed/biomass milling and biofermentation (a more sophisticated process of these) for feeds processing and bioenergy is a model that can be used for movement away from such settings to more intensive, industrialized ones.  Note, that energy is a critical input in addition to biomass from cropping and engineered mechanization.

Simple combustion with O2 of biomass as 'green' energy is a viable option for biomass such as the U.K. targeting 15% of its energy away from coal and natural gas (polluting and expensive) to 'green' by 2020 such as with wood chip, sunflower seed hulls and animal faeces.  Agro-industrial by-products (AIBPs) as sources for livestock feeding in subsistence farming settings in developing countries and developed countries from farm, food and other industries can now be used as bioenergy in milling in their plant operations for industrial pretreatment (IPT) feeds processing.

Biomass use for energy is an ongoing issue, viz. to take an e.g., in Rusia and former Soviet socialist republics.  Where there are conventional energy reserves (viz. hydrocarbons such as coal, oil and CH4) there, this has been shown to work (viz. transport, heating, manufacturing, cooking, etc.) efficiently and appropriately well with ongoing continued use; there is the issue of course of continuing export (e. g. to Western and Eastern Europe) as should be and to the poorer countries, and where biomass systems use is still unfortunately not in place; in Western countries there is the issue of global warming and the need to turn to "greener" energy where biomass, as highlighted previously (e. g.: biomass and the U. K.), can be used; additionally conventional sources such as nuclear power will be outdated and displaced, due to age of reactors and the horrific results from earthquakes and tsunamis, in Japan.  How much will renewables (including biomass energy) gain ascendancy?  Countries like Germany, Belgium, Switzerland and Japan have just announced their renewed pursuit of renewables.

There are areas that biotech in developing nations need addressing, namely, food security, health and manufacturing of various biomass-based materials including phyto-polycarbons for biorenewable plastics and the new nanotechnology. Social security will be addressed eventually with technological investment and industrialization but the role of entrepreneurs and technocrats (i. e. scientist-class individuals who have the expertise, knowledge and who make decisions with science and technology in their societies) in bringing about BPO and technology transfer as well as technological developments with local science and technology capacity need further elucidation.  In the Philippines cloning reproductive physiology is being used per scientist for evolving v. high lactating dairy breeds in water buffalo.  At Skye Blue we are proposing deregulation or generic GMO development with trade or sale at what would be reduced cost or pricing for greater use by the average farmer and the market.

SKYEVIEW:  The novel issue of yeast pulp as a feed after the quiet adoption of tropical yeast bagasse in sugarmilling and feedlot raising of cattle has been proposed in areas where land clearing from deforestation with reforestation has been declared as in the Amazonian region of Brazil using lacasse-bearing fungal innoculants with feed substrate in solid-state fermentation (SSF) also utilizable to bioenergy fermentation. The tenacious nature of lignified plant biomass has to be reckoned with cf. to milled biomass from bagasse pith. 

SKYEVIEW: The recent findings that commercially available ligno-cellulose (e. g. Arbocel (R)) when included in chick diets improves growth and egg laying due to improved protein/amino acid utilization including digestibility could be attributable to the alpha-helix structures (2 degree structure) denaturation with intercalation of lignous side-groups on the denaturing protein polypeptide chain making them more available to protease breakdown during digestion in chickens. This should be applied to ruminant diets with escape protein concentrates to determine if proteins are digested further in extent than previous especially protein of animal origin like animal tissue-based meals (blood meal, fishmeal, bone meal) as additives in fractions of % points as was used in addition rates with growing chick diets.

SKYEVIEW: There are similarities and differences between three "competing" post-harvest feed technologies involving agriwastes in livestock nutrition and for bioenergy production: 1) "Yeast Bagasse" with non-GMO approaches using current patented, commercial processes involving spp. like Candida utilis; yeast fungus, var. Major; and Trichoderma viride fermentation treatment with product mixed with crushed, dried sugarcane tops (SCT) plus cereals rolled and dried to the specified shape as the final product (see: Kimura, Y., 1972, US patents) which involves capital costs with investment in processing plus chemical and energy, amongst other major inputs; GMO approaches might involve novel hosts such as Cryptococcus albidus and Trichoderma viride with "piggy-backed" ligninolytic enzymes (MnP- and LiP-type I's, Lac-type III) from Basidiomycetes, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Pleurotus ostreatus; 2) Solid-Substrate Fermentation (SSF)- non-GMO approaches such as with Ganoderma lucidum, a Basidiomycetes, white-rot fungi, although researched for a few decades, nevertheless, represents a breakthrough in ligninolysis of fibre (significant depolymerization occurs and wholly with the lignin component) but still requires capital investment for processing considered costly in developing countries; 3) and now considered the new kid on the block: Urea-ammoniation which by its nature needs further optimization with GMO approaches such "piggybacking" ligninolytic enzymes (type-II, an anaerobic class, and further, endoglucanases such as cellulases and hemicellulases) in addition to capital costs of procesing using low-capitalized silo bagged technique with a GMO-Biosafe Plant Facility outfitted with a UV-C irradiation processing capability. UV-C irradiation may be the way to go in future with GE feeds procesing facilities if they are to be foodsafe and biosafe for consumer and environment GMOs being present in feeds. 

SKYEVIEW:This is a creative push on Skye Blue's part to move 'along the rough and winding road' from Tanjay in Negros, Visayas, the Philippines, to Victorias where potential organizational and infrastructural advantages offers considerable opportunity and perspectives in building busines operations in marine resources biomass operations and procesing systems for various products including biomas for energy, organo-chemicals, pharma and other recombinant protein products (RPPs) from both landed protected photobioreactors and off-shore and low-lying seaweed and seagrass meadows for harvest and transport to procesing plants and the great potential benefit to agribusiness from agricultural byproducts for small farmer use.

SKYEVIEW: The issue of continued industrial development within the Philippine Islands will entail the co-op model for greater job creation with capitalization of resources through communal finance and with banking finance. The benefits are for the betterment in the standard of living for the country and the strategic nature is only is so much as encouraging the "greening" in terms of sustainability and environmental liveability. No doubt, this will continue the issue of energy inputs from the Philippines exclusive regional shelf for oil reserves in addition to their commitments to trade or exchange and import/export of oil-based products with the region (e. g. mainland China) and other powers such as the United States and their allies (e.. g. Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, ROC, Australia and SE Asia). 

SKYEVIEW: The geopolitics in the predicted RHTM region (cf. Magadan, Ohkotsk Bay) points to: (1) multilateral peacekeeping forces that are complete with a corps of engineers built in for the region's basic infrastructural supports and in case of emergency; (2) the build up offshore of installations is apparently due to the potential military threat or confrontation between major superpowers gathering presence in the region, viz. Russia/China and the U.S.; (3) more proposals and action needed for denuclearization of the Kamchatka peninsula and Sakhalin Island chain by the Russians in their Far East; (4) heavy American investment in the Far Eastern bio-hub and military enforcement to protect property and ensure any peaceful pull-outs as required by multi-lateral peacekeepers; (5) strong anti-corruption and anti-graft laws with policing in the Far Eastern region in order to fight crime and lawlessness within a policy of sanction against enemies; (6) and finally, there is the ever present spectre of Soviet and foreign banks failing, leading to freezing of their assets and operations in the event, for e. g., of civil war due to the disruption of unrest or disruption of civilian life.

(c) D. A. Flores. 2024-2059. Skye Blue (SB) Internet. Port Coquitlam, BC Canada V3B 1G3. All rights reserved.

Last update of this entry: July 19, 2024